Too often on the internet, tutorials and guides are written of POSIX and Unix tools that implicitly assume a Linux installation, and more specifically a GNU-based one. This has many implications when it comes to everything from the behavior of the shell, its utilities, and even the C standard library. While the dominance of Linux might mean that one can ignore this distinction, it is still useful to be aware of it. I’ve outlined some of the more prominent discrepancies below.
Bash is not the standard shell
The default shell that is present on all Unix systems is sh, not bash. The
language used in the portable sh shell is described in the
POSIX
standard. However, on many Linux systems sh is linked to bash - this makes
bash operate in a more compatible way with the standard, but still allows
certain bash features that may not work on other systems. When in doubt,
refer to the standard.
Long options are not Unix
Many utilities accept both a long option, eg. grep --count with a double
hyphen, in addition to a short option, eg. grep -c. The former is a GNU
invention, and they generally do not exist on other systems, such as BSDs. In
fact, the standard getopts
utility,
and corresponding getopt C
function
only support the short style.
Make isn’t GNU make
The version of make specified by POSIX is much more limited than the GNU
version. This one is harder to deal with as the specification is lacking in
many aspects, particularly any kind of logical or conditional operators. You
can workaround this by moving some logic to a configure script that generates
another Makefile that is then included by the main one. Further, the BSD
makes have a completely different syntax than the GNU one for things like
conditionals. Luckily, if your focus is on macOS and Linux only, you can get
away with depending on GNU features as macOS’s make is based on the GNU one.
The C compiler is not GCC
This is related to the previous point, as it often comes up in Makefiles. When
referring to the C compiler in that context, it is better to use the implicit
$(CC) variable, and when compiling C++ code, to use the $(CXX) variable.
Most BSD systems have now switched to Clang as the default compiler and do not
provide a gcc binary. When referring to the C and C++ compilers outside of
Makefiles, the cc and c++ commands are reliable and work across systems.
GNU is not Linux
This is slightly different, but even GNU interfaces are not necessarily the ones present on a Linux system. The Alpine Linux distribution for example, popular as a base in Docker containers due to its light weight, forgoes the GNU C Library for musl, and uses BusyBox instead of the GNU utilities. Therefore, one would be well advised to try to stick to portable interfaces even if targeting solely Linux systems.
Unix is not UNIX
Finally, even Unix is not UNIX. The latter is a trademark that requires certification by The Open Group. Certified operating systems, the most well-known of which is macOS, are guaranteed to follow the UNIX specification. That said, most Unix-like operating systems, including the BSDs, as well as the GNU tools make a strong effort to stick to the standard as much as possible.